GS PAPER II
Focusing on diseases sidelined by COVID-19
Why in News
- Nearly 71% of all deaths worldwide occur due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer.
- Cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, heart attacks and coronary artery disease are the top cause of global deaths.
- One out of every four deaths occurs due to cardiovascular diseases, especially among younger patients. In the Indian subcontinent, there is early onset and rapid progression of such diseases, and a high mortality rate.
- Premature loss of life due to NCDs in the age group of 30-69 years is also very high among Indians. Half the deaths due to cardiovascular diseases occur in the age group of 40-69 years.
- To address this growing burden of NCDs, the National Health Mission launched the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke, in 2010, focusing on strengthening infrastructure, promoting good health, human resource development, early diagnosis, management and referral.
Disruption of NCD services
- The rapid spread of COVID-19 has severely tested primary healthcare systems, which perform myriad functions, across the world.
- Maternal healthcare services, immunization, health surveillance, and the screening and management of NCDs have all been severely disrupted.
- A World Health Organization (WHO) survey conducted in May 2020 among 155 countries found that low-income countries were the most affected by this disruption.
- More than half (53%) of the countries surveyed had partially or completely disrupted services for hypertension treatment, 49% for treatment for diabetes and diabetes-related complications, 42% for cancer treatment and 31% for cardiovascular emergencies.
- The outcomes in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease risk factors or with established cardiovascular disease can be worse than others, perhaps due to low cardiorespiratory reserve, worsening of the underlying cardiovascular disease due to systemic effects of the illness, or precipitating novel cardiac complications.
- Data from the National Health Mission’s Health Management Information System in India show that emergency services for cerebrovascular diseases dropped by about 14%.
- Among NCDs, persons with diabetes are at an exceptionally higher risk of severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
- A recent study reported that nearly one in every two Indians living with diabetes is unaware of their condition.
- They are at higher risk of dying if they contract COVID-19 because of uncontrolled glucose levels in their blood. Findings from an observational study in Delhi show that 47.1% of hospitalised COVID-19 patients had diabetes.
- In most countries, staff working in the area of NCDs was reassigned to support patients with COVID-19, and public screening programmes were postponed.
- Shortage of medicines, diagnostics and technologies were the main reasons for discontinuing services in one-fifth of the surveyed countries.
- Cancellations of planned treatments, decreased availability of public transport, and lack of staff were the most common reasons for the disruption of NCD services.
- NCD services also got more disrupted as countries moved to the stage of community transmission from the stage of sporadic COVID-19 cases.
- Lockdowns and reduced physical interactions led to loneliness, especially in the geriatric population. This resulted in mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression.
- Lockdowns increase exposure to NCD risk factors as people became more likely to increase their consumption of alcohol and tobacco and adopt an unhealthy diet.
Solutions
- Although most countries reported that they had included NCD services in their national COVID-19 preparedness and response plans, only 42% of low-income countries did so.
- Worryingly, tobacco cessation activities and rehabilitation have not been included in response plans. India’s response plan to address the growing burden of NCDs must include tobacco cessation activities as tobacco consumption has been indisputably linked to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and stroke.
- Alternative strategies have been established in most countries to support those at the highest risk so that they continue receiving treatment for NCDs.
- Among the countries reporting service disruptions, half are using telemedicine.
- A positive impact of the pandemic has been that two-thirds of the countries are now collecting data on the number of COVID-19 patients who also have a NCD.
- There is an urgent need for national and State health policymakers to draw up a road map which gives equal weight to patients living with NCDs.
- Campaigns on maintaining a healthy lifestyle need innovation; the monotony of broadcasting the same message over and over again must be broken.
- A paradigm shift in governance, which means effective and participatory leadership with strong vision and communication, is the need of the hour to tackle the silent epidemic transition to NCDs.
- Screening for NCDs at the grassroots level and the delivery of locally relevant and contextual messages for health promotion and primordial prevention of NCDs can be significantly improved by incentivizing the already overburdened ASHA workers.
- Access to essential NCD medicines and basic health technologies in all primary healthcare facilities is essential to ensure that those in need receive treatment and counseling.
- A multidisciplinary approach is imperative. Strategies must include mitigation efforts to address administration challenges, a strong health workforce and infrastructure, supplies, maintaining the standard of care, and continued access and care for the vulnerable populations.
- Also, the importance of physical activity and mental health due to restrictions on movement should be brought to the forefront.
- The use of alternative modalities such as online platforms for disseminating information on exercise and mental health management must be made available to the marginalized.
- Telemedicine can reduce travel expenses, thus lowering patients’ expenditure burden.
- Multiple risk factors which are interrelated, such as raised blood pressure, glucose, lipids, and obesity, are preventable.
- Primary healthcare systems must ensure that persons at risk of NCDs receive appropriate screening, counseling and treatment.
Conclusion
- In India, those with NCDs find that productive years of life are lost and there is high-out-of-pocket expenditure on treatment.
- Urgent action is needed using the ‘all of society approach’ to achieve the WHO goal of a 25% relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases by 2025.
- This can be achieved by strengthening the primary health system to prevent, diagnose and provide care for NCDs in the future, especially during health emergencies such as a pandemic.
GS PAPER II
Curbing Delta
Why in News
- The overall number of coronavirus cases in India is on a downward trajectory though around 35,000 cases continue to be added almost daily.
Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG)
- Nearly three in four of these infections are from Kerala and Maharashtra with the former, once heralded as the model State in tackling the pandemic, contributing close to 60% of the national total.
- A weekly update from the Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG), a repository of labs tasked with monitoring variants of the coronavirus, says that the Delta variant remains most responsible for the continuing spread of infections in India.
- The INSACOG collects a percentage of coronavirus-positive samples for analysis from all States and of the nearly 50,000 samples analyzed for their genetic composition, about two-thirds, 30,230, were among the internationally classified Variant of Concern or Variant of Interest (VoC/VoI).
- Of these, nearly 20,000 were the Delta variant (AY.2) and about 5,000, its associated lineages (AY.1 and AY.3).
- Because they contain mutations that help the virus avoid detection by the immune system, the lineages of the Delta variant are driving spikes in infections worldwide.
- Globally, there are believed to be 13 sub-lineages of Delta with characteristic genetic mutations. AY.1, AY.2 and AY.3 are the predominant ones.
- Concerning as this variant is, it should not be forgotten that the purpose of the existing vaccines is to prevent hospitalization and mortality, and the limited evidence so far is that vaccine coverage has played a role in keeping hospitalization in most States to manageable levels as well as allowing normalization of economic activity.
- Unless there is a dramatic fall in susceptible hosts globally, it is unlikely that transmission will obliterate itself.
- India’s Drugs Controller General has now approved a three-shot vaccine, ZyCoV-D, for use in those 12 and above.
- The interim efficacy data of this vaccine shows that it has only 66% efficacy which is lower than what most of the other vaccines delivered in their trials.
- Zydus Cadila also has not published phase-3 results from the trials and so it is quite uncertain if the vaccine will meaningfully curb transmission but may well be effective in boosting India’s vaccine arsenal, cutting disease and saving lives.
Conclusion
- The INSACOG still monitors too little a proportion of coronavirus samples given that India has the second highest numbers globally.
- Improving coverage and increased vaccination continue to remain the best bets against the pandemic.